The New World Of Police Accountability - 954 Words

The book that I will be analyzing is titled â€Å"The New World of Police Accountability†. This work was written by Samuel Walker, an author of 14 books and the Isaacson Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. The research that he has conducted includes â€Å"police accountability, including oversight of the police, early intervention systems for police officers, and the mediation of citizen complaints against police officers† (Walker 243). This book was published by Sage Publications Inc., on January 4, 2005. The authors perspective while writing this book was to take the research he had developed over a number of years and argue how police accountability has changed. The mains points of this writing involved examining†¦show more content†¦One example is within the text which states, â€Å"[a] Century Station found that the problems of shootings was not a matter of a few bad officers—the proverbial â€Å"rotten applesâ₠¬ Ã¢â‚¬â€but poor management practices† (Walker 3). Here, the author provided a well-known issue in regards to officers shooting before they fully understand the situation; one can conclude that without knowledge over how to conduct different circumstances then officers cannot completely be in the wrong. Essentially, officers are taught how to care and protect their community and as a result of lack of practice they will not be able to differentiate when necessary. Another important finding Walker discovered from his research involves the â€Å"Confining the Use of Force† (Walker 510). In this chapter he discussed the importance of the law enforcement identifying when it is appropriate for them use force. According to the text, â€Å"A key element in a use of force policy is confining the use of force by specifying the circumstances what it may and may not be used† (Walker 51). If officers were aware of the lawful and unlawful acts that could take place, then maybe the police Walker then goes on to explain four lawful reasons to why officers would have probable cause to use force when constraining on someone. â€Å"Members may use the department approved non-lethal force techniques and issued equipment to: a. Effect anShow MoreRelatedPolice Effectiveness And Police Performance1302 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Police are held to account, and will touch upon the paradox of police governance, the balance of unwanted coercion of pol ice, financial stewardship and police legitimacy. This essay will also divulge into a discussion on the topic; is policing political? There will be an argument for and against, and the advantages and disadvantages to both sides will be conversed to achieve an accurate conclusion. In addition this essay will start by portraying the significance of Police Accountability. PoliceRead MoreThe Current Development Of Racial Discrimination1100 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscrimination that takes part in our current legal system. I will focus on the recent police shootings and how the police are being held accountable for their actions. Before diving into our current racial instability, I will describe a few terminologies that affects the legal philosophy and how it ultimately operates. I will break down the categorization our current legal system occupies, I will tie this with the police shootings as of recent, and I will factually explain how these so called incidentsRead MoreEssay about Police Brutality1737 Words   |  7 Pages Police brutality remains one of the most serious and divisive human rights violations in the United States. The excessive use of force by police officers persists because of overwhelming barriers to accountability. This fact makes it possible for officers who commit human rights violations to escape due punishment and often to repeat their offenses. Police or public officials greet each new report of brutality with denials or explain that the act was an aberration, while the administrative andRead MoreEssay about Sir Robert Peel882 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Police are people and the people are the police† CJA 214 January 9, 2012 Jeremy Leach In Bury, Lancashire, on February 5, 1788, the â€Å"Father† of modern day policing was born. Through his work and studies of public service, Sir Robert Peel developed principles and policies that have impacted what is considered modern day policing. He created what is commonly known as the Peelian Principles. While Sir Robert Peel’s principles still stand out in law enforcement policies today, nine points ofRead MorePros And Cons Of Cameras On Police Officer1278 Words   |  6 Pages The Pros and Cons of Cameras on Police Officer’s In this day in age, technology has a big influence on people lives and one of these influences is the use of recording videos. Going on the internet you can find any type of video and stream it, which can be good for a learning experience, but it also could have a negative experience as well. This is no different for police with body worn cameras, since there is always will be pros and cons when dealingRead MorePolice Brutality Is A Big Problem, Not Only In The Usa,1441 Words   |  6 Pages Police brutality is a big problem, not only in the USA, but also around the world. There have been lots of effort to change this, from police departments to governments, to communities. One such effort has been the addition of body-worn cameras to the uniforms of police officers, in order to enforce accountability. This makes it so that, if there were a controversial case questioning whether the force displayed by an officer was warranted or not, there would be a video of the encounter, which isRead MorePolice Worn Body Cameras : Rough Draft931 Words   |  4 PagesPolice-Worn Body Cameras: Rough Draft Within recent years there has been much controversy surrounding police officers and whether or not they should be wearing body cameras to document their everyday interactions with the public. While the use of body cameras may seem to invade the public or police privacy. Police-worn body cameras will be beneficial to law enforcement and civilians all over the world. Police must be equipped with body cameras to alleviate any doubt in the effectiveness of officersRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesDilemma of a Police Officer Professions are guided by codes of ethics to aid them in performance of their duties and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct. Police officers are faced with a maze of obligations in the performance of their official duties. The â€Å"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics† and â€Å"Canons of Police Ethics† were created to make explicit the conduct considered appropriate for police officers and to guide them in the performance of their duties. Although police have these guidesRead MoreThe Case Heard At Manchester Court1275 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered the defendant’s previous sentences and needs, and the level of risk of possible victims. This report explores the police powers given to examine and recollect evidence. The report will also look at the accountability mechanism of the police in order to come with a conclusion whether they should be given extra powers or should there be a higher level of accountability. It then considers the Probation Serv ice and the difficulties that rise in fulfilling its aims as well as maintaining the publicRead MoreDefinition Of Clinical Governance And Accountability1551 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Within this assignment, the definition of clinical governance and accountability will be explored and discussed using a literature search. A case example will be used and briefly discuss the accountability of the nurse and other health professionals of professional standards, local polices and law. Confidentiality has been maintained within the use of the case example. A literature search was carried out for clinical governance using the British Nursing Index (BNI). Results originated

Democracy and Education - 750 Words

â€Å"Democracy and Education† The most interesting argument of Booker T. Washington’s speech, â€Å"Democracy and Education† is that instead of hating the white men, Washington not only forgives them, but sympathizes with them. In his speech, Washington says, â€Å"I thank God that I have grown to the point where I can sympathize with a white man as much as I can sympathize with a black man. I have grown to the point where I can sympathize with a Southern white man as much as I can sympathize with a Northern white man.† He points out that white men in the South are still suffering the consequences of slavery. Their homes are destitute from years of fighting in the war, their moral is low, their industrial system is ruined, and they are†¦show more content†¦It takes an extreme amount of maturity to stop and think how the ones responsible for slavery have been hurt by it. I liked how Washington did not choose to focus on how hard it is to be a black person in a predominantly white society, or how black people have been wronged over the years. Instead of being negative he chooses to be positive.Show MoreRelatedDemocracy, Education, And Legitimacy Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesUnited State than other reputable democracies, attempts to improve the system and increase public participation, political reformist have channeled their efforts to on the fundamental principles of US politics and other republic nations with who share the same values that are prevalent in a democracy. Throughout the semester, several of these values have been discussed however, the most important values fell under the following three categories: democracy, education,  and legitimacy. When asked to explainRead MoreJohn Dewey s Democracy And Education907 Words   |  4 Pagesvoiced his concerns about the education system in his book â€Å"Democracy and Education.† This book talked about how the education system was based around a very social type of education; an informal type of education. However, with the increase in complexity that comes with the passage of time, a need for a more structured and formal education was present. More recently, Kenneth Bernstein, a former high school teacher, has talked about some of the effects the education system experienced as a resultRead MoreDoes Education Enable Western Democracies?2947 Words   |  12 PagesDoes education enable Western democracies to be meritocratic? Investment in the brain is much more rewarding than investment in property. (Young, 1958.) This statement shows the ever growing possibilities and realms which can be achieved and explored just by the use and engagement of our brain. Are these possibilities equal across the education system and amongst all students? Many people in today’s society believe that we live in a world of meritocracy, that the brightest students will ultimatelyRead MoreWorkforce Education : The Nexus Between Capitalism And Democracy780 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Gilpin discusses the conundrums brought about by the topic of workforce education in her article, Workforce Education: the Nexus between Capitalism and Democracy. She discusses how democracy and capitalism are at odds on the subject. Her article surmises key players in the debate including Thurow, Prosser and Dewey. While summarizing the varying views, she concludes that democracy and capitalism have managed to survive and even flourish together for many years and that humanRead MoreAnalysis Of John Dewey s Democracy And Education1969 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Dewey in Democracy and Education, stresses the importance of formal education and how the mass media has manipulated the uneducated in our society. However, Dewey explains how manipulation is prevented through formal education. Not only will society become intelligent, they will be better-educated, informed citizens with knowledge about serving others. Therefore, creating citizens that want to help each other and make a successful democracy. Dewey is still speaking to us today, about the massRead MoreAnalysis Of John Dewey s Democracy And Education1819 Words   |  8 Pages John Dewey in Democracy and Education, stresses the importance of formal education and how the mass media has manipulated the uneducated in our society. However, Dewey explains how manipulation is prevented through formal education. Not only will society become intelligent, they will be better-educated citizens with knowledge about serving others. Therefore, creating citizens that want to help each other and make a successful democracy. Dewey is still speaking to us today, about the mass media andRead MoreEssay Education and Democracy: How We Need Both739 Words   |  3 PagesEducation is an important part in sustaining a Democracy. Without an educated citizenry we would fall apart as a free nation. All aspects of our political and economic system rely on a literate and able group to carry out the necessary processes and dut ies of our country. In sustaining itself our nation has imparted itself on creating and sustaining systems that maintain Democracy. One of the biggest systems that must be devised is one that transfers knowledge across generations, therefore it comesRead MoreEssay about Philosophy and Education: From Elitism to Democracy1999 Words   |  8 PagesPhilosophy and Education: From Elitism to Democracy ABSTRACT: From its first appearance in western culture, philosophy has been considered able to build up reality, to educate people, and to disclose truth. Plato proposed philosophers as governors in life-long pursuit of philosophical learning. Socrates was the ideal paradigm of an educating philosopher: he tried to wake up human minds so that they could be aware of themselves and of the world, criticizing tradition and prejudices in a logicallyRead MoreEducation And Social Thought Of Americans1538 Words   |  7 PagesEducation and democracy are related through the practice and social thought of Americans. Education is a vast subject and the opportunities to learn are endless, but the general point of education is to improve one’s ability to understand certain concepts and put them to use in the real world. If people were left uneducated, they would never know that a better life could be in their future. The point of a democracy is to have a structured way of life where every one can speak for himself or herselfRead MoreThe Importance Of Education On Education827 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does a democratic society expect of its schools? The definition of a democracy is â€Å"a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.† (Merriam-Webster) To have an effective democracy, everyone must take part equally. If everyone is involved in government you would want to educate citizens as much as you can, so their participation is educationally based. The article also talks about how the government is not for

Al Gore’s Speeches Free Essays

string(37) " the American people from pollution\." Al Gore Speaks on Global Warming and the Environment Beacon Theater, New York January 15, 2004, Noon Thank you, Carol, Joan and Peter. And thanks to all of you for coming here today. lt was an honor to work with Carol Browner on environmental policies in the last administration and I am grateful for her leadership of Environment 2004. We will write a custom essay sample on Al Gore’s Speeches or any similar topic only for you Order Now I want to thank Peter for his leadership as Executive Director of MoveOn. org Civic Action and I appreciate all of those who have worked in the trenches with both of these organizations that are co-sponsoring today’s speech. I want to say a special word about Joan Blades, who traveled from California for this event and who, along with her husband, Wes Boyd, co-founded Moveon. org. She has been from the beginning a moving force behind the emergence of this dynamic new grassroots movement in American politics and public policy. I have made a series of speeches about the policies of the Bush / Cheney Administration towards the major challenges that confront our nation: national security, economic policy, civil liberties, and today: the environment. For me, this issue is in a special category because of what I believe is at stake. I am particularly concerned because the vast majority of the most respected environmental scientists from all over the world have sounded a clear and urgent alarm. The international community – including the United States – began a massive effort several years ago to assemble the most accurate scientific assessment of the growing evidence that the earth’s environment is sustaining severe and potentially irreparable damage from the unprecedented accumulation of pollution in the global atmosphere. In essence, these scientists are telling the people of every nation that global warming caused by human activities is becoming a serious threat to our common future. I am also troubled that the Bush/Cheney Administration does not seem to hear the warnings of the scientific community in the same way that most of us do. Here is what we are talking about: PICTURES 1 THROUGH 8 Even though the earth is of such vast size, the most vulnerable part of the global environment is the atmosphere – because it is surprisingly thin – as the late Carl Sagan used to say: like a coat of varnish on a globe. PICTURES 9 THROUGH 12 I don’t think there is any longer a credible basis for doubting that the earth’s atmosphere is heating up because of global warming. PICTURES 13 THROUGH 65 So the evidence is overwhelming and undeniable. Global Warming is real. It is happening already and the anticipated consequences are unacceptable. But it is important to understand that this crisis is actually just a symptom of a deeper underlying cause: PICTURES 66 THROUGH 126 Yet in spite of the clear evidence available all around us, there are many who still do not believe that Global Warming is a problem at all. And it’s no wonder: because they are the targets of a massive and well-organized campaign of disinformation lavishly funded by polluters who are determined to prevent any action to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming, out of a fear that their profits might be affected if they had to stop dumping so much pollution into the atmosphere. And wealthy right-wing ideologues have joined with the most cynical and irresponsible companies in the oil, coal and mining industries to contribute large sums of money to finance pseudo-scientific front groups that specialize in sowing confusion in the public’s mind about global warming. They issue one misleading â€Å"report† after another, pretending that there is significant disagreement in the legitimate scientific community in areas where there is actually a broad-based consensus. The techniques they use were pioneered years earlier by the tobacco industry in its long campaign to create uncertainty in the public’s mind about the health risks caused by tobacco smoke. Indeed, some of the very same scientific camp-followers who took money from the tobacco companies during that effort are now taking money from coal and oil companies in return for their willingness to say that global warming is not real. PICTURES 127 AND 128 In a candid memo about political strategy for Republican leaders, pollster Frank Luntz expressed concern that voters might punish candidates who supported more pollution, but offered advice on the key tactic for defusing the issue: PICTURE 129 The Bush Administration has gone far beyond Luntz’ recommendations, however, and has explored new frontiers in cynicism by time and time again actually appointing the principal lobbyists and lawyers for the biggest polluters to be in charge of administering the laws that their clients are charged with violating. Some of these appointees have continued to work very closely with the outside pseudo-scientific front groups even though they are now on the public payroll. Two Attorneys General have now publicly accused officials in the Bush White House Council on Environmental Quality of conspiring with one of the outside groups to encourage the filing of a lawsuit as part of a shared strategy to undermine the possibility of government action on Global Warming. Vice President Cheney’s infamous â€Å"Energy Task Force† advised lobbyists for polluters early in the new administration that there would be no action by the Bush White House on Global Warming and then asked for their help in designing a totally meaningless â€Å"voluntary† program. One of the industry lobbyists who heard this pitch later made an unguarded speech to his peers about the experience and said the following: â€Å"Let me put it to you in political terms. The President needs a fig leaf. He’s dismantling Kyoto, but he’s out there on a limb. The White House has routinely gone out on a limb to involve large contributors representing companies charged with violating environmental laws and regulations in the drafting of new laws and regulations designed to let their clients off the hook. The story is the same when it comes to protecting the American people from pollution. You read "Al Gore’s Speeches" in category "Essay examples" The Bush administration chooses special interests over the public interest, ignoring the scientific evidence in favor of policies its contributors demand. Consider Mercury, an extremely toxic pollutant causing severe developmental and neurological defects in fetuses. We know its principal unregulated source is coal-fired power plants. But the Bush Administration has gutted the protections of the Clean Air Act, revoking an earlier determination by the EPA that mercury emissions from power plants should be treated as hazardous air pollutants. Even Bush’s own FDA issued warning about mercury in tuna. Are you all right with that – the President saying that Mercury shouldn’t be treated as a hazardous air pollutant? Consider toxic wastes. The Superfund has gone from $3. 8 billion to a shortfall of $175 million. The result is fewer cleanups, slower cleanups, and a toxic mess left for our children. That’s because the Bush administration has let its industry friends off the hook; the tax these polluters used to pay to support the Superfund has been eliminated, so that you, me, and other taxpayers are left holding the bill. Are you all right with that – the country’s worst polluters getting off the hook while you and I pay? And consider the enforcement of environmental laws. For three years in a row, the Bush administration has sought to slash enforcement personnel levels at EPA. Offices were told to back off cases, leaving one veteran EPA servant to say, â€Å"The rug was pulled out from under us†¦You look around and say, â€Å"What contribution can I make here? † Are you all right with that – the EPA being stripped of its ability to protect our air and water? I’ll tell you who’s all right with that. A recent review of contributions to the Bush campaign from utility industry executives, lawyers and lobbyists showed that 15 individuals were Bush Pioneers – those who raised at least $100,000 for the Bush campaign. We’ve seen this radical change in our parks too. Just ask the coalition of more than 100 retired career park service employees who wrote a letter saying that their mission to protect parks’ natural resources has been changed to focus on commercial and special-interest use of parks. These are not small shifts in policy – they are radical changes that reverse a century of American policy designed to protect our natural resources. Here’s what America used to be. Yellowstone Park was created in 1872, in part to preserve its forest, mineral and geothermal resources. Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 championed this philosophy, setting aside millions of acres of forest reserves, national monuments and wildlife refuges. This balanced approach – combining use of needed resources in the short term with conservation for future generations — has been honored by Roosevelt on down the line, president after president – until this one. In preparing this series of speeches, I have noticed a troubling pattern that characterizes the Bush/Cheney Administration’s approach to almost all issues. In almost every policy area, the Administration’s consistent goal has been to liminate any constraints on their exercise of raw power, whether by law, regulation, alliance or treaty – and in the process they have in each case caused America to be seen by the other nations of the world as showing disdain for the international community. In each case they devise their policies with as much secrecy as possible and in close cooperation with the most powerful special interests that have a monetary stake in what happens. In each case the public interest is not only ignored but actively undermined. In each case they devote considerable attention to a clever strategy of deception that appears designed to prevent the American people from discerning what it is they are actually doing. Indeed, they often use Orwellian language to disguise their true purposes. For example, a policy that opens national forests to destructive logging of old-growth trees is labeled â€Å"The Healthy Forest Initiative. † A policy that vastly increases the amount of pollution that can be dumped into the air is called the â€Å"Clear Skies Initiative. And in case after case, the policy adopted immediately after the inauguration has been the exact opposite of what was pledged to the American people during the election campaign. The promise by candidate Bush to conduct a â€Å"humble† foreign policy and avoid any semblance of â€Å"nation building† was transformed in the first days of the Bush presidency, into a frenzied preparation for a military invasion of Iraq, complete with detail ed plans for the remaking of that nation under American occupation. And in the same way, a solemn promise made to the country that carbon dioxide would be regulated as a polluting greenhouse gas was instantly transformed by the inauguration into a promise to the generators of CO2 that it would not be regulated at all. And a seemingly heartfelt declaration to the American people during the campaign that he genuinely believed that global warming is a real problem which must be addressed was replaced after the Inauguration by a dismissive expression of contempt for careful, peer-reviewed work by EPA scientists setting forth the plain facts on at global warming. These and other activities make it abundantly clear that the Bush White House represents a new departure in the history of the Presidency. He is so eager to accommodate his supporters and contributors that there seems to be very little that he is not willing to do for them at the expense of the public interest. To mention only one example, we’ve seen him work tirelessly to allow his friends to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Indeed, it seems at times as if the Bush-Cheney Administration is wholly owned by the coal, oil, utility and mining companies. While President Bush likes to project an image of strength and courage, the truth is that in the presence of his large financial contributors he is a moral coward – so weak that he seldom if ever says â€Å"No† to them on anything – no matter what the public interest might mandate. The problem is that our world is now confronting a five-alarm fire that calls for bold moral and political leadership from the United States of America. With such leadership, there is no doubt that we could solve the problem of global warming. After all, we brought down communism, won wars in the Pacific and Europe simultaneously, enacted the Marshall Plan, found a cure for polio and put men on the moon. When we set our sights on a visionary goal and are unified in pursuing it, there is very little we cannot accomplish. And it is important to recall that we have also already succeeded in organizing a winning global strategy to solve one massive global environmental challenge: PICTURE 130 AND 131 Instead of spending enormous sums of money on an unimaginative and retread effort to make a tiny portion of the Moon habitable for a handful of people, we should focus instead on a massive effort to ensure that the Earth is habitable for future generations. If we make that choice, the U. S. can strengthen our economy with a new generation of advanced technologies, create millions of good new jobs, and inspire the world with a bold and moral vision of humankind’s future. PICTURES 132 THROUGH 138 We are now at a true fork in the road. And in order to take the right path, we must choose the right values and adopt the right perspective. PICTURES 139 THROUGH 142 My friend the late Carl Sagan, whose idea it was to take this picture of the Earth, said this: â€Å"Look again at that dot. That’s here. That’s home. That’s us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know. Everyone you ever heard of, ever y human being who ever WAS lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering , thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child inventor and xplorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every â€Å"superstar†, every â€Å"supreme leader†, every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there – on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam. The Earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those gener als and emperors, so that, in glory and triumph, they could become the momentary masters of a fraction of a dot. Think of the endless cruelties visited by the inhabitants of one corner of this pixel on the scarcely distinguishable inhabitants of some other corner, how frequent their misunderstandings, how eager they are to kill one another, how fervent their hatreds , Our posturings, our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the Universe, are challenged by this point of pale light†¦ The Earth is the only world known so far to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to which our species could migrate. Visit, yes. Settle, not yet. Like it or not, for the moment the Earth is where we make our stand†¦ There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another, and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we’ve ever known Here are some excerpts from Al Gore’s Nobel Prize acceptance speech, as transcribed by the Toronto Star: Sometimes, without warning, the future knocks on our door with a precious and painful vision of what might be. One hundred and nineteen years ago, a wealthy inventor read his own obituary, mistakenly published years before his death. Wrongly believing the inventor had just died, a newspaper printed a harsh judgment of his life’s work, unfairly labeling him ‘The Merchant of Death’ because of his invention – dynamite. Shaken by this condemnation, the inventor made a fateful choice to serve the cause of peace. Seven years later, Alfred Nobel created this prize and the others that bear his name. Seven years ago tomorrow, I read my own political obituary in a judgment that seemed to me harsh and mistaken – if not premature. But that unwelcome verdict also brought a precious if painful gift: an opportunity to search for fresh new ways to serve my purpose. Unexpectedly, that quest has brought me here. Even though I fear my words cannot match this moment, I pray what I am feeling in my heart will be communicated clearly enough that those who hear me will say, ‘We must act. ‘ The distinguished scientists with whom it is the greatest honor of my life to share this award have laid before us a choice between two different futures – a choice that to my ears echoes the words of an ancient prophet: ‘Life or death, blessings or curses. Therefore, choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live. ‘ We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency – a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well: we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst – though not all – of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly. However, despite a growing number of honorable exceptions, too many of the world’s leaders are still best described in the words Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler’s threat: ‘They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all powerful to be impotent. ‘ So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun. As a result, the earth has a fever. And the fever is rising. The experts have told us it is not a passing affliction that will heal by itself. We asked for a second opinion. And a third. And a fourth. And the consistent conclusion, restated with increasing alarm, is that something basic is wrong. We are what is wrong, and we must make it right Earth’s Fate Is the No. 1 National Security Issue By Al Gore Friday, October 12, 2007 11:05 AM Editor’s note: The following article appeared in the Post’s Outlook section on May 14, 1989. HOW CAN WE possibly explain the mistakes and false starts President Bush has been making on environmental policy? His administration’s decision to censor scientific testimony on the seriousness of the greenhouse effect — and initially to oppose an international convention to begin working out a solution to it — may well mean that the president himself does not yet see the threat clearly. Apparently he does not hear the alarms that are awakening so many other leaders from Margaret Thatcher to Mikhail Gorbachev. Humankind has suddenly entered into a brand new relationship with the planet Earth. The world’s forests are being destroyed; an enormous hole is opening in the ozone layer. Living species are dying at an unprecedented rate. Chemical wastes, in growing volumes, are seeping downward to poison groundwater while huge quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluo-rocarbons are trapping heat in the atmosphere and raising global temperatures. How much information is needed by the human mind to recognize a pattern? How much more is needed by the body politic to justify action in response? If an individual or a nation is accustomed to looking at the future one year at a time, and the past in terms of a single lifetime, then many large patterns are concealed. But seen in historical perspective, it is clear that dozens of destructive effects have followed the same pattern of unprecedented acceleration in the latter half of the 20th century. It took 10,000 human lifetimes for the population to reach 2 billion. Now in the course of one lifetime, yours and mine, it is rocketing from 2 billion to 10 billion, and is already halfway there. Yet, the pattern of our politics remains remarkably unchanged. That indifference must end. As a nation and a government, we must see that America’s future is inextricably tied to the fate of the globe. In effect, the environment is becoming a matter of national security — an issue that directly and imminently menaces the interests of the state or the welfare of the people. To date, the national-security agenda has been dominated by issues of military security, embedded in the context of global struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union — a struggle often waged through distant surrogates, but which has always harbored the risk of direct confrontation and nuclear war. Given the recent changes in Soviet behavior, there is growing optimism that this long, dark period may be passing. This may in turn open the international agenda for other urgent matters and for the release of enormous resources, now committed to war, toward other objectives. Many of us hope that the global environment will be the new dominant concern. Of course, this national-security analogy must be used very cautiously. The U. S. -Soviet rivalry has lasted almost half a century, consumed several trillions of dollars, cost close to 100,000 American lives in Korea and Vietnam and profoundly shaped our psychological and social consciousness. Much the same could be said of the Soviets. Nothing relieves us of our present responsibilities for defense or of the need to conduct painstaking negotiations to limit arms and reduce the risk of war. And yet, there is strong evidence the new enemy is at least as real as the old. For the general public, the shocking images of last year’s drought, or of beaches covered with medical garbage, inspired a sense of peril once sparked only by Soviet behavior. The U2 spy plane now is used to monitor not missile silos but ozone depletion. Every day in parts of southern Iowa, where it hasn’t rained for more than a year, National Guard troops are being used to distribute drinking water. In the not too distant future, policies that enable the rescue of the global environment will join, perhaps even supplant, our concern with preventing nuclear war as the principal test of statecraft. However, it is important to distinguish what would — in military jargon — be called the level of threat. Certain environmental problems may be important but are essentially local; others cross borders, and in effect represent theaters of operations; still others are global and strategic. On this scale, the slow suffocation of Mexico City, the deaths of forests in America and Europe or even the desertification of large areas of Africa might not not be regarded as full-scale national-security issues. But the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion do fit the profile of strategic national-security issues. When nations perceive that they are threatened at the strategic level, they may be induced to think of drastic responses, involving sharp discontinuities from everyday approaches to policy. In military terms, this is the point when the United States begins to think of invoking nuclear weapons. The global environment crisis may demand responses that are comparatively radical. At present, despite some progress made toward limiting some sources of the problem, such as CFCs, we have barely scratched the surface. Even if all other elements of the problem are solved, a major threat is still posed by emissions of carbon dioxide, the exhaling breath of the industrial culture upon which our civilization rests. The implications of the latest and best studies on this matter are staggering. Essentially, they tell us that with our current pattern of technology and production, we face a choice between economic growth in the near term and massive environmental disorder as the subsequent penalty. This central fact suggests that the notion of environmentally sustainable development at present may be an oxymoron, rather than a realistic objective. It declares war, in effect, on routine life in the advanced industrial societies. And — central to the outcome of the entire struggle to restore global environmental balance — it declares war on the Third World. If the Third World does not develop economically, poverty, hunger anddisease will consume entire populations. Rapid economic growth is a life-or-death imperative. And why should they accept what we, manifestly, will not accept for ourselves? Will any nation in the developed world accept serious compromises in levels of comfort for the sake of global environmental balance? Who will apportion these sacrifices; who will bear them? The effort to solve the nuclear arms race has been complicated not only by simplistic stereotypes of the enemy and the threat he poses, but by simplistic demands for immediate unilateral disarmament. Similarly, the effort to solve the global environmental crisis will be complicated not only by blind assertions that more environmental manipulation and more resource extraction are essential for economic growth. It will also be complicated by the emergence of simplistic demands that development, or technology itself, must be stopped for the problem to be solved. This is a crisis of confidence which must be addressed. The tension between the imperatives of growth and the imperative of environmental management represents a supreme test for modern industrial civilization and an extreme demand upon technology. It will call for the environmental equivalent of the Strategic Defense Initiative: a Strategic Environment Initiative. I have been an opponent of the military SDI. But even opponents of SDI recognize this effort has been remarkably successful in drawing together previously disconnected government programs, in stimulating development of new technologies and in forcing a new analysis of subjects previously thought exhausted. We need the same kind of focus and intensity, and similar levels of funding, to deal comprehensively with global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, species loss, deforestation, ocean pollution, acid rain, air and water and groundwater pollution. In every major sector of economic activity a Strategic Environment Initiative must identify and then spread increasingly effective new technologies: some that are already in hand, some that need further work, and some that are revolutionary ideas whose very existence is now a matter of speculation. For example, energy is the life blood of development. Unfortunately, today’s most economical technologies for converting energy resources into useable forms of power (such as burning coal to make electricity) release a plethora of pollutants. An Energy SEI should focus on producing energy for development without compromising the environment. Priorities for the near term are efficiency and conservation; for the mid-term, solar power, possibly new-generation nuclear power, and biomass sources (with no extraneous pollutants and a closed carbon cycle); and for the long term, nuclear fusion, as well as enhanced versions of developing technologies. In agriculture, we have witnessed vast growth in Third World food production through the Green Revolution, but often that growth relied on heavily subsidized fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and mechanization, sometimes giving the advantage to rich farmers over poor ones. We need a second green revolution, to address the needs of the Third World’s poor: a focus on increasing productivity from small farms on marginal land with low-input agricultural methods. These technologies, which include financial and political components, may be the key to satisfying the land hunger of the disadvantaged and the desperate who are slashing daily into the rain forest of Amazonia. It may also be the key to arresting the desertification of sub-Saharan Africa, where human need and climate stress now operate in a deadly partnership. Needed in the United States probably more than anywhere is a Transportation SEI focusing in the near term on improving the mileage standards of our vehicles, and encouraging and enabling Americans to drive less. In the mid-term come questions of alternative fuels, such as biomass-based liquids or electricity. Later will come the inescapable need for re-examining the entire structure of our transportation sector, with its inherent emphasis on the personal vehicle. The U. S. government should organize itself to finance the export of energy-efficient systems and renewable energy sources. That means preferential lending arrangements through the Export-Import Bank, and Overseas Private Investment Corporation. Encouragement for the Third World should also come in the form of attractive international credit arrangements for energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable processes. Funds could be generated by institutions such as the World Bank, which, in the course of debt swapping, might dedicate new funds to the purchase of more environmentally sound technologies. Finally, the United States, other developers of new technology, and international lending institutions, should establish centers of training at locations around the world to create a core of environmentally educated planners and technicians — an effort not unlike that which produced agricultural research centers during the Green Revolution. Immediately, we should undertake an urgent effort to obtain massive quantities of information about the global processes now under way — through, for example, the Mission to Planet Earth program of NASA. And we also must target first the most readily identifiable and correctable sources of environmental damage. I have introduced a comprehensive legislative package that incorporates the major elements of this SEI: It calls for a ban, within five years, on CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals, while promoting development of safer alternatives; radically reducing CO2 emissions and increasing fuel efficiency; encouraging massive reforestation programs; and initiating comprehensive recycling efforts. Although Congress is recognizing the challenge, there remains a critical need for presidential leadership, for President Bush to show that as a nation we have the vision and the courage to act responsibly. And in order to accomplish our goal, we also must transform global politics, shifting from short-term concerns to long-term goals, from conflict to cooperation. But we must also transform ourselves — or at least the way we think about ourselves, our children and our future. The solutions we seek will be found in a new faith in the future of life on earth after our own, a faith in the future which justifies sacrifices in the present, a new moral courage to choose higher values in the conduct of human affairs, and a new reverence for absolute principles that can serve as guiding stars for the future course of our species and our place within creation. How to cite Al Gore’s Speeches, Essay examples

Implication of Cash Management on Organizations

Question: Describe about the implication of cash management on organizations. Answer: Introduction Cash management is referred to as a broad concept that is used to indicate towards the accumulation, concentration and expenditure of cash in a proper way. The prime goal behind the effective management of cash is to balance the expenses and cash collection of the organizations in such a way so that the cash availability in case of the fixed assets and inventories can be maximised (Cash flow - cash management, 1993). This will in turn help the organizations to avoid the risk of getting insolvent. Managing the cash flow is a much necessary factor or responsibility for the business managers by which they can be able to ensure the sustainability of the firms. Any kind of inaccuracy in the management of cash can lead the business firms to get insolvent. Cash management includes the liquidity position of the enterprises, short term investments and also the cash balances. Hence it can be said that cash management is the ultimate base of the working capital that a business organization must maintain effectively in order to strengthen their financial position and manage its liquidity thereby ensuring success and profitability of the enterprises (Cash management, 1999). This study will demonstrate overall implication of the cash management on business enterprises and how the management can be able to ensure the potentiality and solvent position of the firms in an effective way. Problem statement Cash management is actually very much important for every business enterprise as it helps the businesses to grow and develop by maintaining a smooth and effective balance of cash in the firms. Successful cash management helps to avoid not only insolvent position of the firms and mitigate the bankruptcy, but it also helps to reduce the number of days in the collection of rates, account variables and selection of proper short term investment. Cash flow can be a serious problem for the business enterprises (Cash Management, 1996). Excessive outflow of cash can lead the business organizations to suffer from insolvency. There is no safety margin for the companies suffering from the cash flow issues. When the companies undergo unanticipated expenses, they have no control over their expenses and as such they might experience serious trouble in accumulating the net funds needed for intervening innovation in the growth and development of the business. It is also perceived that poor management of the cash flow makes it quite difficult for the management to recruit skilled and effective employees for the organizations. Cash is the lifeline of the business. After meeting all the expenses and costs of the business operations, the remaining cash gathered or saved by the management of the companies determines the sustainability and survival of the business. The management of cash within the organizations is of utmost essentiality. Thus realistic projections and effective monitoring of the cash collections and the disbursements help the management to build up strong financial position thereby adhering to the budgetary restrictions. It is quite evident that a company can do nothing without an effective and fruitful cash management policy (Cooke Leadbetter, 2003). Adequate cash balances in the accounts of the business organizations help the management to have an efficient policy or strategy of managing cash in a proper manner. Thus this study will entail the importance or significance of maintaining cash within the organizations. If the cash outflows are effectively maintained and managed then it is possible for the management of the organizations to ensure that they can be able to meet all the needs and requirements of the business such as purchase of raw materials, manufacturing costs, packaging and distribution costs, labour wages, etc. Sometimes it is also seen that in order to enhance the reputation and goodwill of the companies, the management often uses their cash balances in certain operations for which the net amount of cash is reduced. It can immensely affect the well being and recognition of the organizations thereby leading them to decline in their efficacy. Research aims and objectives Cash management is considered to be a broad area of financial aspect that deals with the processes of how the business collects and accumulates money, handles it, use it effective for the operations and control the outflow in a proper way. Cash management system is therefore an approach that helps to manage all the aspects related to the financial end of the firms thereby involving the collection of adequate revenue along with checking or maintaining a proper record of the investment of the net cash value of the companies and the other assets. The managerial intervention of the effective cash management will thereby enable the companies to stay flexible and solvent in the overall market they are operating (Costantini, 2006). Thus the researchers aimed at formulating this research in a proper way so as to evaluate the overall impact of cash management on the business organizations and how the financial managers have been able to imply effective techniques for managing cash and controlling the flow in an efficient way. Thus the principle objectives of the research study conducted by the researchers are understated below: To analyse the liquidity position of the company and evaluate the efficient use of the financial resources of the business To be able to draw the budget for all the departments of the business firms so that they can easily control the excessive outflow of cash and improve the cash inflows through effective cash management techniques To determine the relationship between the liquidity of the business firms and their survival To find out what all strategic steps and techniques can the financial managers adopt or implement so that they can assure the organizational strength and efficacy Research questions As mentioned in the study earlier, cash management is very much needed and required within the organizations, especially in the small scale business enterprises so that they can be able to ensure success and profitability of the firms on long term basis. Without proper management of cash, it is quite impossible for the companies to control their cash outflows and ascertain standard cash inflows making the business operations a success. Cash collection are the most appropriate systems that aim at reducing much time in collection of cash owed by the firms (Fabozzi Masonson, 1995). There are certain sources of time lags involved in the cash collection and disbursement process such as the processing float, mail float, bank float, etc. Hence it is the prime concern of the financial managers of the companies to manage the cash flows effectively so that it can attempt to shorten the length and overall impact of all these float periods. Certain questions can be highlighted in this respect by the researchers which they will evaluate and find out by the end of their study. Those research questions are as follows: How can the business firms attain the liquidity position by managing the cash flows? How can the business enterprises use of the financial resources of the business effectively for ensuring their success and profitability? What is the relationship between the liquidity of the business firms and their survival? What techniques can be incorporated within the business so as to fruitfully manage the cash collection and disbursement? All these above headed questions will help the researchers to accomplish and meet the actual aim of the research thereby providing the best answers relevant to the questions depicting the impact of the managerial implication of cash management within the organizations. Justification and potential output of the research project This particular research project is concerned mainly with the evaluation of the implication of cash management strategy on the well being and efficacy of the business organizations. It has been hereby perceived and assessed that cash must be collected and maintained much effectively by the financial managers which will enable them to ascertain the actual cash collection and its outflow for the survival of the business (Fabozzi Masonson, 1995). This topic of research is the utmost essential topic which will need further investigation and evaluation so that the researchers can derive the different usefulness in implementing cash management techniques within the organizations that have the potentiality to lead the companies to the highest peak of success and recognition. It is quite natural that the business organizations can thrive for success and achievement if they are able to manage their cash amount effectively by complying with all the financial rules and regulations (Grieves, 1992). Once the money is being collected or accumulated, most of the business enterprises are likely to proceed towards aiming at primarily concentrating on the cash of the companies. The researchers have thus showed interest in further enquiry in order to explore the initiation of the business to have complete control over the cash and have much opportunities for investment on the future projects. According to Flaherty, (2015), another most important aspect of cash management within the organizations is to gain knowledge about the net cash balance of the business. The management must opt for various methods and strategies for creating a magical cash balance. It is however be notified that the principle motive behind maintaining a good cash balance within the enterprises is to control the cash disbursement and ensure liquidity of business (Hovakimian, 2009). It is the most significant aspect within the organizations as by managing the net cash will thereby help the managers to secure the survival of the business and maintain a strong financial position. As per Rosecky, (2015), cash has always been the most disregarded concept in the financial decision making process within the organizations. It is however an important component of the firms where the management determines the lifeline of the business. Lack of management is the main issue behind the fall of the business organizations as they underwent into liquidation position. Hence additional investigation of the particular research topic is of extreme importance so as to find out the effectiveness of managing and controlling the flow of cash within the organizational premises. Expected research outcomes The entire research study will therefore pertain and provide an analytical concept regarding the different factors that can lead to the effective management of cash within the business enterprises and how far the financial managers play an extensive role in controlling the net flow of cash for ensuring organizational benefit and success (Foster Back, 1998). In order to highlight the impact of the cash management policies in ascertaining the effectiveness and sustainability of the organizations will be ultimately derived from the research study. With the help of proper research procedures and methods, the researchers will be able to seek the opinions of the selected respondents of the research and can draw out the estimated budget against every activity undertaken to carry out the entire research procedure. The researchers of this research must be very much skilled and efficient so that they can fulfil their desired research objectives or goals. References Cash flow - cash management. (1993). Canberra. Cash management. (1999). Mississauga, ON. Cash Management. (1986). Hamilton, Ont. Columbus, A. (2009).Advances in psychology research. New York: Nova Science Pub. Cooke, R. Leadbetter, C. (2003).Positive cash flow. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Career Press. Costantini, P. (2006).Cash return on capital invested. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Fabozzi, F. Masonson, L. (1985).Corporate cash management. Homewood, Ill.: Dow Jones-Irwin. Flaherty, S., Rosecky, R., Hillard, J., Singer, D. (2015). The Impact of Cash Flow and Debt on Organizational Agility.Global Journal Of Flexible Systems Management,16(2), 133-143.

Piet Mondrian an Example by

Piet Mondrian Piet Mondrian was born into Dutch Aristocracy in Amersfoort, Netherlands in March 7, 1872. He studied at the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten. He was a teacher in Primary Education and a painter on the side. Need essay sample on "Piet Mondrian" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Mondrian's early works were landscapes in subdued colors depicting Holland, its windmills, fields and rivers. His style was impressionistic, but vertical and horizontal lines were already evident which would later be a prominent characteristic of his works. Around 1908 his colors became brighter. Dutch painter Toorop was a great influence as he began to shift to expressionism. He called his paintings as compositions and his style continued to evolve for his next 30 active years. He experimented with different styles and techniques apparently in search of a style all his own. Similarly art movements like pointillism and favism had influences on works. His early abstracts from 1905-1908 were mostly of trees and houses reflected in water that appeared like blots of ink. From 1872-1944 his art had touches of the spiritual and the philosophical. At this time the influence came from Helen Petrovna Blavatsky who began the theosophical movement that believed that there is more to nature than what can be ordinarily seen. He moved to Paris towards the end of 1911, where he added an "a" to his name "Mondriaan". He started to work on cubism, influenced mainly by the works of Picasso and Braque. His cubist works had interlocking planes and geometrics where picture spaces were narrow and seen from the front. He veered towards analytical cubism and seminaturalism, further leading him to abstraction. This can be seen on his series of paintings of trees and scaffoldings. In 1914 he moved back to the Netherlands and stayed for a while because of the outbreak of WWI. By this time his art was a fusion with his philosophical studies. He moved in the art circle where he met Bart van der Leck and Theo van Doesbug. The period was a great turning point for his art. Van der Leck's influence on him as the use of primary colors. With Theo van Doesbug, he co-founded De Stijl, which was an art magazine. Mondrian published essays explaining his theories, foremost of them is neoplasticism, which believed that art should not be a mere reproduction but an artist's expression. Mondrian was as good with his paintings as he was with his prose. He published Die Nieuwe Beelding in de Schilderkunst or the The New Plastic in Painting to explain his art theories. An example was how he painted nature. Like any other artist, he got so inspired and emotional with the subject that put the great desire to create. Then he placed everything and all else aside to see and paint truthfully. In 1919 he returned to Paris and stayed until 1938. He enjoyed the art scene and developed his full potential as an artist. His abstracts came into fore, the style that he would be most known for. Grids would always be present, thinner rectangles, gray, lines fading towards edge, and leaving little space for whites. His paintings reached their mature and defining level. Forms are heavier, bolder, fewer and whites were more dominant.. His works continue to evolve. In the mid-1920s his works were extremely minimalistic. His Schilderij No. 1: Lozenge with Two Lines and Blue was simply two black perpendicular lines with a small blue triangle. The lines extend to the end of the canvass so they appear to be a part of a much larger work. He left Paris in September 1938 and went to London. From London he went to New York City. Some of his works were started on either Paris or London and completed in New York. His Lozenge Composition with Four Yellow Lines had thick colored lines. His other works had long lines of red mixing with black lines , or interlacing red, blue and yellow lines or overlapping lines. His Broadway Boogie-Woogie had bright-colored squares that shimmered and leaped from the canvass. Victory Boogie Woogie had multi-colored adjoining rectangles. His paintings were bright and alive reflective of the upbeat mood of the city and a revolutionary deviation in style. His grids continue to be adopted by graphic design artists today, his legacy to the advertising world. Up to the time of his death in 1944, his works continue to excite because of their different styles and movements, products of his art's continuous evolution. References: "Piet Mondrian." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 18 January 2007. 19 January 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian "Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesbug." 19 January 2007. "Piet Mondrian (1872-1944)." 2003. 19 January 2007. http://www.pietmondrian.com "Piet Mondrian" 19 January 2007. http://www.mystudios.com/bios/Piet_Mondrian.html "Early Graphic Designers like Piet Mondrian." 19 January 2007.

Mnc Staffing Practices Essay Example

Mnc Staffing Practices Essay Example Mnc Staffing Practices Essay Mnc Staffing Practices Essay The three issues I will discuss is the pay differences between Asians and whites, and other minorities, how they exclude others from attending meetings by conducting them In Japanese and how they are using stereotypes to refrain from holing Americans. Compensation is one of the most complex areas of international human resource management. Pay systems must conform to local laws and customs for employee compensation while also fitting into global NC policies (Hailed, 2002, Para. ). It would only be fair to pay those with similar position the same pay rate. In addition to the compensation problems how they conduct their meetings were wrong. It states In this case that weekly meetings were conducted In Japanese, effectively excluding non-Japanese-speaking employees (Vance, 2006, peg 170). This clearly means that their intent was to exclude them from being a part of important matters and making them feel as if they didnt belong even though they were executives who supposed to be included in those meetings. Marianne America also used stereotypes as a reason to not staff certain individuals. For Instance, In an email the vice president stated, l want a person who has aggressiveness, high I. Q, 23 to 30 yr old, Asian, Like Chinese, Japanese, of course American or others Is fine. In this one sentence they discriminated in two ways. The first is discrimination based on age and the second is discrimination against ethnic group and national origin. Basically he wanted a specific type of person. Macs needs to follow the employment laws of the united States because if they are allowed to operate here they should be subjected to the same polices other corporations have to follow. Discriminating against people from different ethnic backgrounds and national origins is wrong in all cultures and it shouldnt be tolerated. In addition, there should be penalties for violating U. S. Employment laws.

Apush Midterm Review Essay Example for Free

Apush Midterm Review Essay A. All classes will have the Causes and Effects of the Mexican War, which has been discussed in class. B. All classes will have 2 choices for their second essay. 1. One possibility for Essay #2 is Causes and Effects of the French and Indian War. This essay should be structured in 4 paragraphs. The first paragraph includes background info leading up to the conflict and your thesis statement. Paragraphs 2 and 3 discuss the causes and effects and paragraph 4 is your conclusion- what happens next (Revolutionary War). It is a good idea to reiterate your thesis statement as well. 2. Another possibility is the Causes and Effects of the Revolutionary War. This essay should be structured in four paragraphs as well. The first paragraph should include background info (such as French and Indian War, end of Salutary Neglect) and your thesis statement. One paragraph should discuss causes and one effects. Your fourth paragraph is your conclusion – what happens next. 3. Another possibility is the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Paragraph one should discuss what happened briefly before the A of C and your thesis statement. Paragraph two, the strengths (3 that we discussed: brought the country together for the first time, negotiated the end of the Revolutionary War, and the Land Ordinances) and Paragraph 3 the weaknesses (among many- the lack of power to tax, only one branch etc.). Paragraph 4, your conclusion and what happens next (Constitutional Convention). 4. Another possibility is Causes and Effects of the War of 1812. First paragraph is background info and thesis statement. Paragraph 2 is the Causes (impressment, arming Native Americans in the Old Northwest etc.) and Paragraph 3, the Effects (huge surge of nationalism, National anthem written etc.). Paragraph 4 is your conclusion and what happens next. 5. Another possibility is to discuss the reforms that came out of the Second Great Awakening. This essay can be 4 or 5 paragraphs depending upon how you discuss the reforms. Your first paragraph will discuss background info and thesis statement. The next 2 or 3 paragraphs should discuss the 5 major reforms: abolition of slavery, educational reforms, mental health reform, temperance, and woman’s rights. These paragraphs should include reforms made and the people involved (for instance- Dorothea Dix with mental health). Also discuss whether the reforms actually were realized or just set up change for the future. Last paragraph should be your conclusion and what happens next. 6. The last possibility is to discuss the Marshall Court and the Taney Court. The first paragraph should have background information; such as John Jay was first Chief Justice, and your thesis statement. Paragraphs 2 and 3 should discuss the Marshall Court and the Taney Court: how they ruled (strong central government for Marshall, state’s rights for Taney etc.), examples of court cases (Marbury v. Madison, Dred Scott decision- give a minimum of 3 cases for Marshall and 2 for Taney). Paragraph 4 should be your conclusion and what happens next. Your essays need to give specific factual information and be well structured to get full credit. Stay on topic- show your knowledge of the time period right before the question at hand and what happens as a result of the events discussed. You will not be penalized for spelling errors since this is an in -class writing, but essays should make sense and flow. Apush Midterm Review. (2017, Jan 01).

College Edcuation vs. Life Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

College Edcuation vs. Life Experience - Essay Example Young people often feel pressure to get on with their adult lives; they've just finished high school and can't imagine spending one more day in school than what was already required. They feel there is no time for more schooling; they must begin to explore life. Their anxiety to overcome the fear of the unknown makes them edgy to take on anything requiring their time and energy the way academics do. When in doubt, go to college; it is the key that opens the door to a life of extreme potential in many areas. An individual learns many things in life; every area of learning must be explored. There are some levels of learning that can only be done academically; especially at the higher level. College opens the door to a lifelong process of learning not only professionally, but also on the personal level. A college student is exposed to many different philosophies on a wide variety of topics; gaining a very broad view of the surrounding world. In essence, they begin a journey that, by its very nature, ensures a civilized approach to life. As children we grow and develop physically, spiritually, mentally, emotionally, and begin to gain experience in controlling our environments and destinies. We never lose the need for learning, as life constantly presents us with many lessons aimed at our growth and development in every area. The reason for formalized education isn't just about academics, it involves so much more. Research indicates that college graduates come out ahead in nearly every area of life. They make better health, financial, social, and longevity choices; taking less unnecessary risks. They have a higher quality of life and experience more personal satisfaction and self-actualization than people who never go beyond high school. College graduates are much more successful in separating from their families of origin in the developmental quest for independence too. They are associated less with crime and incarceration, do more volunteer work, and have more sel f-confidence in meeting with life's challenges. In short, they adapt better to the challenges of the world around them. College graduates tend to be lifelong learners, preferring to obtain facts when making decisions. They learn how to do research to find what is needed to make informed decisions. Many of them seek out positions in government where they can use their critical thinking and social networking skills to advocate for the underprivileged; making an impact in their surrounding environment. They stand up against moral corruption, injustice, and support practices for liberty. Knowledge is power. Every civilized nation in the world espouses the education of its people. Where you see abject poverty, it is usually poverty across all levels, not just financial poverty. The most serious poverty anywhere is the poverty of the spirit, where people give up the hope that life can one day get better. Often corrupt governments frustrate the education of their people in order to keep th em in ignorance and prevent the overthrow of the regime. Where there is hopelessness, there is also slavery. Many Third World nation governments keep their countries controlled through controlling the educational level and quality. Educated people are powerful people; they are the movers and shakers of society. They operate from a position of self-confidence and stand up for what's right; quickly putting down what is harmful to the society at large, making college

Merit & Public Goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Merit & Public Goods - Essay Example The services provided by the government to some extent are related to the public goods, the merit goods, and the private goods. However, the relationship varies most when it comes to the public and the private goods as they involve the government. The public goods mostly revolve around, justice public order and defense; the merit goods revolve around education, health, and the other services that the private sector can provide. The relationship between the private and the merit goods differs totally from the relationship between the private and the public goods; hence, finally the government and the private consumption complement each other (Savas, 2005). The public goods are often under provided by a free market, as its characteristics are usually non-excludability and non-rivalry. Non rivalry means that the consumption of goods does not reduce the amount available for the other residents in the public, For example, the people benefiting from lights in the street cannot reduce the amount of light for the others. Non-excludability is only possible when the provision of a certain good also results in the enjoyment of others, for example, the provision of law and orders. Non excludability means that one cannot prevent the ‘free riders from enjoying the good or services, in many cases the provider of the good or the service cannot charge for the consumption of the good. In non-rivalrous consumption, the issue of the free rider effect comes in (free ride problem comes in as one is unable to prevent other from enjoying the good). The private cases are more complex than public and the merit goods, even with the problem of the free rider effect private goods and services pose more problems than the public and merit goods. In most cases the private good and services need to be bought for consumption, the goal of the producer or the service in the case of private goods is to make profits. Without the incentive to create revenue than the private good

Commercial banks Essay Example for Free

Commercial banks Essay ABSTRACT This report is based on corporate social responsibility. This project report contains the meaning of CSR which includes the advantage of CSR towards bank, society, responsibility of corporate houses, objective of CSR, motive of CSR, responsibility towards customer. This document is all about multidimensional growth of customers for which the bank liable for their service selling. This process leads to upliftment of people life. The banks are not bind to do so but the do these kind of activities for creating a goodwill sense among their customer which leads to growth in lifestyle of the overall society. This gives better environment to the society in which the bank is working. Hence, the present study titled â€Å"A STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS CUSTOMERS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN MADURAI†, has assumed greater significance. INTRODUCTION Corporate social responsibility ( CSR, also called corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, social performance, or sustainable responsible business/Responsible Business) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulation mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international norms. CSR is a process with aim to embrace responsibility for the banks actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Banks play an active role for the economic development of any country. In a present competitive environment bank needs to retain its customer for effective development in any sector. Hence there arises need for corporate social responsibility then only it will leads to development of society as well as growth in bank sector. The present study aims to know the effectiveness of CSR in commercial banks with special reference to Madurai. In this context following questions arises. To measure the level of social obligation To measure the level of effectiveness of corporate social responsibility towards customers of commercial banks. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To study the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility towards customers of commercial banks. METHODOLOGY The present study is an empirical one based on the survey method. First hand data was collected from the field through interview schedule. Data relating to various customers of commercial banks in Madurai was gathered through interview schedule. The schedule structured was extensively pretested. The survey envisaged the application of convenience sampling. Thus a sample of 300 respondents was decided upon nature of the commercial banks in Madurai. The survey was conducted during 2012-2013 in commercial banks from state Bank of India, Indian bank, Canara Bank, Karurvysya bank, HDFC bank, Axis bank, ICICI bank in Madurai. ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION GARRET RANKING Garret Ranking is used to find out the ranking for respondents opinion towards the enhancing customer value for public sector, private sector, and New generation banks. Step I:  Ranking given by respondents opinion on enhancing customer value TABLE 1 RANKING OF RESPONDENTS opinion towards enhancing customer value. S.No.AttributesRankTotal 12345 1.Sharing bank details1866231129300 2.Comfortable0120524880300 3.Time management00018282300 4.Man management1515765270300 5.Filling forms22120539213300 Source: Primary Data Step II : The assigned ranks by the respondents were converted into percent position value by the formula given below. For each percent position, Using Garrett’s table, corresponding Garrett’s table value is obtained. Formula Per cent Position = 100 (Rij – 0.5) / Nj Rij = Rank given for the ith variable by the jth respondent Nj = Number of variables ranked by the jth respondent. GARRETT’S TABLE VALUE RanksCalculationPercentageGarrett’s Table Value I Rank=100*(1-0.5)/5= 10= 75 II Rank=100*(2-0.5)/5= 30= 60 III Rank=100*(3-0.5)/5= 50= 50 IV Rank=100*(4-0.5)/5= 70= 40 V Rank=100*(5-0.5)/5= 90= 25 Source: Computed data. Step III: Scores are obtained with reference to Garrett’s Table value, and each percentage position value is converted into scores. Here each aggregated ranks are multiplied with corresponding the Garrett’s value obtained in the table. AGGREGATED RANKS Sl. No.AttributesRank 12345 1.Sharing bank details1395037201550840225 2.Comfortable07200260033602000 3.Time management00012607050 4.Man management113253420325018900 5.Filling forms1650720026506440325 Source: Computed data. Step IV: Summation of the scores is worked out for each rank column and means scores calculated by dividing the total score by the number of respondents. Finally, overall ranking is obtained by assigning ranks 1, 2, 3 †¦ in the descending order of mean score. OVERALL RANKING for respondents opinion on enhancing customer value S. No.ReasonTotal ScoreAverageRank 1.Sharing bank details2028567.6I 2.Comfortable1526050.53IV 3.Time management831027.7V 4.Man management1988566.28II 5.Filling forms1826560.89III INFERENCE It is observed from the table Sharing bank details† has been ranked as the first for the Man management has been ranked second, Filling forms third position, followed by Comfortable in fourth rank with Time management ranked as the fifth that influences the respondents opinion on enhancing customer value the in bank’s CONCLUSION Although creating customer satisfaction is not a prime motivation for instituting corporate social Responsibility programs , research linking CSR strategies with positive customer outcomes, such as loyalty, has led to the expectation that these strategies generally have positive flow-on effects for customers. Banking industry surveys have led to the identification of a mismatch between consumer satisfaction levels and massive spending on CSR programs. Further research is warranted. In view of research suggesting that retail banking customers prefer initiatives that create direct customer benefits compared to those that have broader social impacts. To conclude the CSR activities in all the three study banks are not effective. It is proper time on their to promote CSR related activities.

Hydroponics Growing Without Soil :: essays research papers fc

Hydroponics: Growing Without Soil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The science of growing plants without soil has been known and used for more than one-hundred years. The word “hydroponics';, however, is comparatively new. Dr. W.E. Gericke is usually given credit for coining the word, which translated from Greek, means “working water';. The famous hanging gardens of Babylon were probably on of the first attempts to grow plants hydroponically. The work of Dr. Greicke in the 1920’s and 1930’s in California, however, is generally considered the basis for nearly all forms of hydroponics. During the 1940’s at Purdue University, Robert B. and Alice P. Withrow developed another hydroponic method. Their process was called Nutriculture. Nutriculture varied from Dr. Gericke’s method in that gravel was used as a rooting medium.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After World War II a number of commercial installations were built in the United States. The majority of these were located in Florida. Most were out of doors and subject to the rigors of the weather. Poor construction techniques and operating practices caused many of them to be unsuccessful and production inconsistent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How is the quality of the food today affected by the methods of Hydroponics of today? Body   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The growing media that is used for gardening greatly effects the production of the plants. If sand is used as a medium it should be tested thoroughly for any residue that might cause infected growing medium. The sand should be cleaned at least every three of four weeks. Leaching is also a major step, it is to be done at the end of each crop cycle ( Jones 69-70). Sand that is used for the medium should have sawdust mixed with it to allow for better drainage. The sawdust also makes the sand lighter and not pact together as easy ( Bridwell 86).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gravel is another medium, it is used more often because it is easier to clean. If gravel is used round, smooth, river-type is preferred. Granitic types are the best because of its hardness. Whatever type of gravel that is purchased must be thoroughly washed and cleaned to get rid of any calcareous on the gravel. The size is also a factor when selecting gravel. The pieces of gravel should be no smaller than a quarter inch in diameter and larger than a half inch. Crushed stone is not preferred because the sharp edges can injure the root system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sterilizing process is an easy, but a long and tedious job.

Principles Of Positive Risk Essay

Principles of positive risk taking for individuals with disabilities Outcome 1 Know the importance of risk taking in everyday life for individuals with disabilities 1.1- identify aspects of everyday life in which risk plays a part Risk Taking: individual; social; organisational; environmental 1.2- identify aspects of everyday life in which, traditionally, individuals with disabilities were not encouraged to take risks Traditional lack of encouragement: risks in everyday life; traditional roles and activities; carer controls; health and safety, compensation culture. 1.3- outline the consequences for individuals with disabilities of being prevented or discouraged from taking risks Prevention of risk taking: consequences e.g. negative, timidity, reticence, dependence, skills development, exclusion. 1.4- explain how supporting individuals to take risks can enable them to have choice over their lives to: †¢ gain in self-confidence see more:identify aspects of everyday life in which risk plays a part †¢ develop skills †¢ take an active part in their community. Supporting risk taking: confidence building; skill developing; inclusivity; independence. Outcome 2 Understand the importance of positive, person-centred risk assessment 2.1- explain how a person-centred approach to risk assessment can have a more positive outcome than traditional approaches Approaches: traditional medical model of disability, the person as an object, restricting, inhibiting, negative; person-centred social model of disability, enabling, empowering, informing, positive. 2.2- identify the features of a person-centred approach to risk assessment Person-centred approach: decision making processes; risk minimisation and preparation; short-term risk, long-term gain; guidance, support and involvement; promoting opportunity 2.3- describe ways in which traditional risk assessments have tended to have a negative focus. Traditional risk assessments, a negative focus: situation avoidance; potential for harm; social and cultural barriers, discrimination, exclusion. Outcome 3 Know how legislation and policies are relevant to positive risk taking 3.1- identify legislation and policies which promote the human rights  of individuals with disabilities Legislation and policies: ‘Valuing People Now’ 2001; ‘Putting People First’ 2007; Human Rights Act 1998; Mental Health Act 2007; Mental Capacity Act 2005; the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Amendment) Regulations 2003; Disability Discrimination Act 2005; Safeguarding Children and Vulnerable Adults policies. 3.2- describe how to use a human rights based approach to risk management. Human rights based approach to risk management: responsibility balancing; advocacy; direct payments; personalised services; person centred planning, support planning Outcome 4 Understand how to support individuals with disabilities in decisions about risk-taking 4.1- explain the connection between an individual’s right to take risks and their responsibilities towards themselves and others Rights and responsibilities: maximising quality of life while maintaining safety; responsibilities to self and others, social, emotional, physical. 4.2- outline how the principle of ‘duty of care’ can be maintained whilst supporting individuals to take risks Duty of Care: best interest; defensible decision making; contextualising behaviour; identification of positive and negative risks 4.3- describe ways of enabling individuals with disabilities to make informed choices about taking risks Enabling informed choices: use of illustrated templates, flow charts, information sheets; technology; the right to make ‘bad’ decisions; planning alternatives 4.4- outline the particular challenges that may arise when supporting individuals to make decisi ons if they have had limited previous experience of making their own decisions Limited experience: perception and understanding of risk; task analysis; perception of the views of others. 4.5- explain the potential positive and negative consequences of the choices made about taking risks Consequences of choice: positive and negative; to the individual; to others; social, moral, legal 4.6-describe what action to take if an individual decides to take an unplanned risk that places him/herself or others in immediate or imminent danger Unplanned risks: progress checks; monitoring; intervention; explanations; evaluation; future planning 4.7 explain why it is important to record and report all incidents, discussions and decisions concerning risk taking. Reporting and recording:  importance and requirements; accountability; responsibility; individual, collective; confidentiality Outcome 5 Understand how to support individuals with disabilities to manage identified risks 5.1- explain the importance of including risks in the individual’s support plan Support plans: recognising valued life-style; identifying risk awareness; written consent 5.2- explain why it is important to review risks in the individual’s support plan Reviewing risks: importance and value, progression of individual 5.3- outline why it is important to communicate and work in a consistent way with all those supporting the individual Communicating and working with others: shared values; information sharing; goals and targets; multi-disciplinary working; problems with inconsistencies 5.4- describe ways of supporting individuals with disabilities to test out the risk they wish to take. Testing risks: contingency planning; experiencing with support; reducing support.

Phosphine gas general info

Health Cl Extremely flammable Cl Very toxic by inhalation: syrnptoms usually occur within a few hours of exposure D Phosphine is irritating to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, throat and espiratory tract 0 Inhalation may result in weakness, chest tightness and pain, dry mouth, cough, sickness, vomiting, diarrhoea, chills, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, ataxia, confusion and lung damage. These symptoms may develop 2-3 days after exposure 0 Severe poisoning may result in increased heart rate, low blood pressure, convulsions, coma, heart damage and death.These symptoms usually within 4 days but may be delayed up to 1-2 weeks C] Exposure to the eyes or skin may cause Irritation 0 Long-term exposure may cause anaemla, bronchltls, gastrointestinal disorders, peech and motor problems, toothache, weakness, weight loss, swelling and damage of the jaw bone and spontaneous fractures 0 Phosphine has not been associated with cancer 0 Phosphine is not likely to cause reproductive or dev elopmental effects Environment 0 Dangerous for the Environment 0 Inform Environment Agency of substantial release incidents Prepared by L Assem & M Takamiya Institute of Environment and Health Cranfield University 2007 Version 1 Background Phosphine is a colourless gas, which is slightly heavier than air.It usually smells of garlic or rotting fish due to the presence of ontaminants but pure phosphine is odourless. is extremely flammable and highly reactive with air, copper and copper-containing alloys. exposed to higher levels of phosphine, although occupational incidents involving exposure to phosphine are rare, and safety levels are in place to protect employees. Phosphine is rarely found in nature. Small amounts can be formed during the breakdown of organic matter, although it is rapidly degraded. Phosphine is released into the air via emissions from various manufacturing processes and from the use of metal (magnesium, aluminium and zinc) phosphide umigants and pesticides, which release phosphine on contact with water or acid.The major uses of phosphine are as a fumigant during the storage of agricultural products such as nuts, seeds, grains, coffee and tobacco, and in the manufacture of semi-conductors. Phosphine is also used in the production of some chemicals and metal alloys and is an unintentional by-product in the illegal manufacture of the drug methamphetamine. Inhalation is the most likely route of exposure to phosphine, although ingestion of metal phosphides may also occur. Symptoms are non-specific and include irritation of the espiratory tract, headaches, dizziness, abdominal pain, sickness, and vomiting. convulsions, damage to the lungs, heart, liver and kidney, and death. Long-lasting effects of single dose exposure are unlikely, most symptoms clearing within a month.Long-term exposure to phosphine, while unlikely to occur, can cause bronchitis, gastrointestinal, visual, speech and motor problems, toothache, swelling of the Jaw, anaemia and spo ntaneous fractures. Children exposed to phosphine will have the same symptoms of poisoning as adults. Phosphine is not likely to cause harm to the nborn child as acute effects are not known to cause developmental effects. Phosphine is rapidly broken down in the environment and it is very unlikely that the general population will be exposed to sufficient levels of phosphine to cause health effects. However, people may be exposed to very small amounts of phosphine present in air, food and water. Phosphine has not been associated with cancer and has not reviewed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.Workers employed as fumigators, pestcontrol operators, transport workers and those involved in the production or use of hosphine and metal phosphides (welding, metallurgy, semi-conductors), may be General information: Page 2 of 5 PHOSPHINE – GENERAL INFORMATION Production and Uses Phosphine is present in emissions from some industrial processes such as the manufacture of some chemicals and metal alloys of metal phosphides) and as a catalyst and in the production of polymers The main uses of phosphine are as a chemical dopant in the manufacture of semiconductors for the electronics industry, and in the fumigation (in the form of metal phosphides) of stored agricultural products such as cereal grains and tobacco. Phosphine is also used as a condensation catalyst and in the manufacture of some polymers. Zinc phosphide is used as a rodenticide in the form of a pellet or as a paste mixed with food. Small amounts of phosphine are produced in the production of chemicals such as phosphonium halide and acetylene gas. General information: Page 3 of 5 Frequently Asked Questions What is phosphine? Phosphine is a colourless gas which is highly flammable and explosive in air.Pure phosphine is odourless, although most commercially available grades have the odour of garlic or decaying fish. Small amounts of phosphine can occur naturally, formed uring the anaerobic degradation of organic matter. Phosphine is corrosive towards metals, in particular copper and copper-containing alloys. What is phosphine used for? A major use of phosphine is as a semi-conductor doping agent by the electronics industry. Metal (aluminium, magnesium and zinc) phosphides, which release phosphine on contact with moisture and acid, are used as rodenticides and fumigates during storage of agricultural commodities such as grain e. g. cereals, and tobacco. Phosphine is also used as a catalyst and in the production of polymers.How does phosphine get into the environment? Small amounts of phosphine occur naturally during the decomposition of phosphorouscontaining organic matter e. g. in marsh gas. Emissions and effluents from the manufacture of some chemicals and metal alloys, as well the production or use of phosphine and metal phosphides (welding, metallurgy, semi-conductors, rodenticides and fumigants), release phosphine into the air. How will I be exposed to phosphine? It is unlikely that the general population will be exposed to significant amounts of phosphine, since it is degraded quickly in the environment; the half-life of phosphine in the air is about one day or less.However, people may be exposed to very small amounts by inhaling air, drinking water and eating food containing phosphine. Workers involved with industries and processes where phosphine is used, e. g. fumigation and pest control, may be exposed to higher levels of phosphine. People living nearby sites where phosphine is being used may also be exposed to small amounts of phosphine in the air. Phosphine gas does not present a risk of secondary contamination, although solid phosphides may pose some risk. Absorption though the skin is not considered a significant route of exposure. If there is phosphine in the nvironment does not always lead to exposure. Clearly, in order for phosphine to cause any adverse health effects you must come into contact with it.You may be exposed by brea thing, eating, or drinking the substance or by skin contact. Following exposure to any chemical, the adverse health effects you may encounter depend on several factors, including the amount to which you are exposed (dose), the way you are exposed, the duration of exposure, the form of the chemical and if you are exposed to any other chemicals. Exposure to phosphine or metal phosphides can be irritating to the respiratory tract nd can cause weakness, chest pain and tightness, dry mouth, cough, sickness, vomiting, diarrhoea, chills, muscle pain, headache, dizziness, ataxia and confusion. Severe cases may lead to lung damage, convulsions, damage to the heart, liver and kidney, and death.General information: Page 4 of 5 Long-term exposure to low levels of phosphine can cause anaemia, bronchitis, gastrointestinal problems, visual, speech and motor problems, toothache, swelling of the Jaw and spontaneous fractures. Can phosphine cause cancer? The Governmental Committee on Mutagenicity rec ently reviewed the available data n carcinogenicity of phosphine and concluded that it did not cause cancer in animal studies. Phosphine has not been reviewed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (‘ARC), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) considers phosphine as not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity, due to inadequate animal studies and a lack of human tumour data. Does phosphine affect children or damage the unborn child?Children who ingest metal phosphides or inhale phosphine gas are expected to have similar symptoms as adults, e. g. sickness, vomiting, headache, dizziness, in severe ases leading to damage to the lungs, heart, liver and kidney and death. There is no evidence to suggest that maternal exposure to phosphine affects the health of the unborn child. What should I do if I am exposed to phosphine? It is very unlikely that the general population will be exposed to a level of phosphine high enough to cause adverse health effects. T his document from the HPA Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards reflects understanding and evaluation of the current scientific evidence as presented and referenced in this document.

Guns, Money and Politics Notes #1 Essays - Democracy, United States

Guns, Money and Politics Notes #1 Essays - Democracy, United States Federalist No. 10 written by James Madison was a series arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution. Published on November 22, 1787 .it is titled, "The Same Subject Continued: The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection". No. 10 addresses the question of how to guard against "factions", or groups of citizens, with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community The question of faction Federalist No. 10 continues the discussion of the question broached in Hamilton's Federalist No. 9. Hamilton there addressed the destructive role of a faction in breaking apart the republic. The question Madison answers, then, is how to eliminate the negative effects of faction. He defines a faction as "a number of citizens, whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community". He identifies the most serious source of faction to be the diversity of opinion in political life which leads to dispute over fundamental issues such as what regime or religion should be preferred. However, he thinks that "the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society". He saw direct democracy as a danger to individual rights and advocated a representative democracy in order to protect what he viewed as individual liberty from majority rule, or from the effects of such inequality within society. Madison's arguments Madison first assessed that there are two ways to limit the damage caused by faction: either remove the causes of faction or control its effects. He then describes the two methods to removing faction: first, destroying liberty, which would work because "liberty is to faction what air is to fire", but it is impossible to perform because liberty is essential to political life. The second option, creating a society homogeneous in opinions and interests, is impracticable. The diversity of the people's ability is what makes them succeed more or less, and inequality of property is a right that the government should protect. Madison particularly emphasizes that economic stratification prevents everyone from sharing the same opinion. Madison concludes that the damage caused by faction can be limited only by controlling its effects. He then argues that the only problem comes from majority factions because the principle of popular sovereignty should prevent minority factions from gaining power. Madison offers two ways to check majority factions: prevent the "existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time" or render a majority faction unable to act. Madison concludes that a small democracy cannot avoid the dangers of majority faction because small size means that undesirable passions can very easily spread to a majority of the people, which can then enact its will through the democratic government without difficulty. With pure democracy, he means a system in which every citizen votes directly for laws, and, with republic, he intends a society in which citizens vote for an elite of representatives who then vote for laws. He indicates that the voice of the people pronounced by a body of representatives is more conformable to the interest of the community, since, again, common peoples decisions are affected by their self-interest. He then makes an argument in favor of a large republic against a small republic for the choice of "fit characters" to represent the public's voice. In a large republic, where the number of voters and candidates is greater, the probability to elect competent representatives is broader. The voters have a wider option. In a small republic, it would also be easier for the candidates to fool the voters but more difficult in a large one. The last argument Madison makes in favor of a large republic is that as, in a small republic, there will be a lower variety of interests and parties, a majority will more frequently be found. The number of participants of that majority will be lower, and, since they live in a more limited territory, it would